It was the term “forced bussing.” The riots in Boston was one example. The lawsuits and the Racial Imbalance Act in Massachusetts required a desegregation plan where bussing was involved in shipping 17 to 18,000 students in two phases in 1974-1976. One judge called to move whites from South Boston white school to Roxbury, a predominantly black school. As a result of all this, an anti-busing “mass movement” formed called Restore Our Alienated Rights (ROAR). The racial funding was imbalanced long before this white movement, and it was almost needless to say “overbalanced” towards white schools. The whites of ROAR denied any inequality of course, despite decades of funding differences. At least 40 riots occurred in this particular 2 year period leading to violence, stabbing, and of course a violent white mob stoning police on December 11 while black students fled the high school. All because of forced integration, known as forced bussing, originating from the 1954 and 1956 Brown decisions.
The “Massive Resistance” movement in the South was formed immediately by Senator Byrd in response to the Brown decision and that resistance lasted into the 1970s as well. The cases in Boston opened in part by the NAACP took an extradition decade to decide. The judicial decision of Morgan versus Hennigan in 1985 led to the control of desegregation plans being pass the the School Committee. Death by slow judicial process. But interracial violence continued onward from 1977 to 1993 over the issue, given the long history of intolerance toward racism in Boston, that started around July 4, 1776, continued in the rich Brahman class of rich black Americans from before that long into the 20th century, and that whole ending slavery through judicial decision in 1781 when Elizabeth “Mum Betts” Freeman sued in court using the new constitution of Massachusetts clause of inalienable rights.
So, the Boston Desegregation Busing Crisis is basically one example of “forced integration”, known colloquially as anti-bussing, the bussing issue, etc. The South though remained segregated. I had a white student in my college class in Mississippi in the mid 90s who attended the public school, which she told me was 98 percent black. All the white students, she told me, went to private Christian schools.
