Interesting. Joe Biden ended “forced-bussing” with two of the worst blatant segregationists in the nation in the late 1970s, Strum Thurmond and Jesse Helms. Joe himself was from Delaware a “Jim Crow” that had segregationists laws written by rich white legislators and passed by a white male governor to keep blacks out of white schools. Those laws, passed over and over again since the 1870 until 1960 in those region where made by all white male governments in those fifteen states. They eliminated black voting by establishing new state constitutions starting in 1890 and lasting until completion of the “Mississippi Plan”. They openly stated they were going to pass those constitutions with “the sole intent” (Governor Tillman of SC said that exact quote) of disenfranchising black Republican registered voters, also known as the other party. After each new constitution was ratified, 97 to 99 percent of registered black voters disappeared from the role. Just because you aren’t aware of the truth, doesn’t mean it didn’t happen. 184,000 of the 187,000 black registered voters on the rolls in 1900 were eliminated in Alabama in 1903, after the ratification of Alabama’s new state constitution. In effect, there was nothing left of the (mostly black but also some white) Republican Party in those states.
The Solid South was born, an autocratic region with guaranteed victory by white men who overthrew black American voters through use of illegal constitution that did this, sanctified by the Supreme Court’s 1890 Mississippi verdict, one of the most openly racist decisions that court ever made. It was 8-1, and the one dissenting Justice wrote a scathing decision. Many of those 8 were Ivy League lawyers.
The Harvard trained lawyer from the Pro-Slave state of Missouri in 1864, Senator Henderson, inserted the “exception clause” into the 13th amendment that started convict leasing, a new form of slavery. Black Americans were rounded up under new “Vagrancy laws”, the most notorious the Mississippi law of 1865, that auctioned off these “duly convicted” criminals, all blacks, to white men who stood outside, forbidding any blacks from paying the $2,800 fine. The white who bought that year lease paid the fine. In that way, state governments took up to 74 percent of the income from renting out blacks under one, two, or five year leases to coal mines, cotton planters, and industries. 74 percent of the budget collect from human black rentals was used for white schools in a 10-1 amount, with one going to fund poor black schools. That system lasted until the 1930s, and was then moved indoors.