Great resources and I’ll have to check it out. As it turns out, my grandfather was a Louisiana creole who left the state in circa 1917 to move to New York City area to leave behind the ‘atmosphere’ and pass for white, and since he had an Irish last name (mine) he could easily pass there. He told my father and family that he was “French and Spanish” which apparently was an expression for “creole”, and that was that, in a polite way. Of course, French are white so I don’t see how that story is credible. As it turns out he was zero percent French or Spanish and had about four slave ancestors as my recent test revealed, dating back to as far as the 1740s on a slave ship from Senegal. It turns out that his grandfather was actually by my calculations a quarter African enslaved from this first woman, and was also governor of the state starting in 1850 (Mr. Walker). It appears to be complicated history, thus creole. Although he owned a plantation in Rapides County, it was also a county that let blacks vote in the 1838 election and was lambasted by the white newspapers for “cheating.” I saw the video of Ya-Ya and should her expertise to learn more. Much of the enslaved from the sugarcane and the crop itself was brought from Haiti during the Revolution there, as the French escaped and brought their ‘assets’ to Louisiana, a place previously with sugarcane (at least as I studied so far). My genetic history seems to bear that out, as the other ancestry my grandfather carried was Aka, Xhosian and Bantu, which was actually the region the French enslaved Africa, around modern day Cameroon, and brought to Haiti. Although I grew up in the North, I moved down to the South and now am in Texas and have visited New Orleans a few times over the last few decades without knowing the full details. It’s a very interesting and complex history. Thanks for sharing all this.